The fight against road traffic accidents in large cities is of great social importance and is a matter of national importance. At the same time, the problem of ensuring the safety of public transport is of particular relevance due to the severe consequences of road accidents involving this category of vehicles. Thus, safety is one of the main factors ensuring high-quality passenger transportation services. An acute problem of modern society is the insufficient provision of passenger transportation safety, which leads to an increase in road accidents and injuries on the roads. One of the methods for studying the causes of road accidents is machine learning, which allows you to analyse data, remember information, make forecasts, reproduce ready-made models, and select the most suitable option from those proposed. This study systematised and analysed the data of statistics of road accidents that occurred with the participation of public transport in the city of Astana for 2017 - 2020 and the most significant causes of their occurrence were established. The data set on the number of road accidents was analysed using the method of machine learning factorisation and analysis of the main components, which made it possible to reduce the data to key features.

https://doi.org/10.48081/UVUT7474

2024

Issue 2

The complexity of selective forecasting of the functional significance of scientific and qualification research, especially at the earliest stages of its life cycle, is shown. It is proposed to use a qualimetric approach to the construction of a predictive rating of the expected possibility of its defense in time at the planning stage of scientific qualification research. The procedure of additive-deterministic construction of such rating by the method of criterion-expert analysis is formalized. The ratio linking the rating of the planned scientific-qualification research and the criteria for assessing its quality, taking into account the relevant influence coefficients, into a single functional complex has been analytically obtained. A realistic set of criteria for assessing the rating of the planned direction of scientific-qualification research fulfillment is proposed and their quantitative significance is determined. The effectiveness of the proposed qualimetric approach to the comparative assessment of the rating of several scientific and qualification research planned for implementation is shown on the example of technological operation of drawing. It is shown that at the present stage of development of drawing technology the most actual is the development of the apparatus of highly effective diagnostics of this operation, and also complex design improvement of drawing tool and optimization of factors of operational-technological heredity. Prospects of development of qualimetric approach are outlined, first of all, by creation of corresponding neural networks for objectivization of rating procedure of hard-to-formalize categories, to which the choice of direction of performance of scientific-qualification research belongs.

https://doi.org/10.48081/XICF8407

2024

Issue 2

Despite measures taken to reduce the emission of harmful substances from vehicle exhaust into the atmosphere, air quality has not improved as signifi-cantly as expected. At the same time, the list of ways to influence the emission of harmful substances is quite diverse, but even a complete rejection of heat engines in favor of electric motors does not ensure a significant reduction in the content of harmful substances in the atmosphere. The difficulty of imple-menting the entire set of methods is due to the fact that, simultaneously with reducing emissions of harmful substances, it is necessary to ensure high fuel efficiency of engines. Moreover, if the impact on the products of incomplete combustion - carbon monoxide, dispersed particles, hydrocarbons of fuel and lubricating oil - simultaneously reduces fuel consumption, then the emission of nitrogen oxides increases. In this regard, it is the processes of nitrogen ox-idation during fuel combustion that attract special attention from researchers. In this regard, much attention is paid to modeling the processes of formation and decomposition of nitrogen oxide during fuel combustion under conditions characteristic of engines, taking into account the type of mixture formation and the method of ignition of fuel-air mixtures. This article describes a model of nitrogen oxidation under conditions characteristic of diesel engines - pulsed diffusion combustion of pre-mixed fuel and oxidizer - taking into ac-count the degree of mobility of the oxidation reaction based on the thermal mechanism of nitrogen oxide (NO) formation. This allows, in the case of low mobility, to take into account only the reaction of NO formation, neglecting the reactions of its decomposition, and at high mobility, on the contrary, to take into account only the reaction of NO decomposition, assuming that the formation process occurs instantly.

https://doi.org/10.48081/VXLO7034

2024

Issue 2

This article provides a thermodynamic analysis of the process of processing primary aluminum with boric acid in a ladle. HSC Chemistry 9.0 software from Outotec Technologies was used for calculations. In the calculations, the temperature range under study corresponded to the production conditions of Kazakhstan Electrolysis Plant JSC within the range of 650 – 950 °C. The pressure range was taken based on the technological conditions for flux processing of aluminum in a transfer ladle with a working height of 2 m and was in the range of 101.33–148.99 kPa. The presence of the solid phase and low kinetics of the processes are characterized by the lower limit of the specified temperature range. The upper temperature limit is the closest to real operating conditions during electrolysis. The pressure at the metal mirror is represented by the lower limit in the pressure range, the upper limit is the pressure at the immersion depth of the flux equivalent to 2 m. The immersion depth of the sample in the calculations varied in the range of 0.5 – 2 m. The research was carried out within the framework of grant funding from the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan under the “Zhas Galym” competition under the project IRN AR19175493 “Development of technology for refining primary aluminum with filters with an active surface.” Thermodynamic analysis in the studied range of temperatures and pressures clearly indicates that vanadium boride phases are more stable compared to aluminum borides, and, therefore, they will form preferentially in this temperature range. The order of stability also suggests that vanadium can be easily removed from aluminum melts by adding boron.

https://doi.org/10.48081/VXZY6701

2024

Issue 2

This article presents the results of research work carried out by the authors in the field of determining the maximum loads in removable equipment of flatcars in coupling when transporting ultra-long rails (from 800 m) on the railways of Kazakhstan. A preliminary review and analysis of existing calculation methods and techniques showed that at the moment there are no calculation models that take into account the maximum loads when transporting ultra-long rails (from 800 m) by rail. The paper proposes basic calculation schemes for determining the maximum loads in the removable equipment of flatcars in a coupling when transporting ultra-long rails (from 800 m) when passing circular curves. The main idea of the study is that the developed method for calculating the maximum loads in the removable equipment of flatcars in a coupling (rail carriers) when transporting ultra-long rails (from 800 m) will make it possible to determine the safety of their transportation on the railways of Kazakhstan. The implementation of this scientific project will significantly increase the efficiency of the implementation of the high-speed “velvet path” in Kazakhstan. The presented research results, in our opinion, have serious applied significance, which will undoubtedly be of interest to engineers and scientists involved in research in the field of railway transport.

https://doi.org/10.48081/KZSI2960

2024

Issue 2

The analysis of works in the field of operation and maintenance of vehicles with gas cylinder equipment is given. In particular, the problem of starting the engine of cars with a gas fuel supply system in the cold season is considered. In an automobile gas cylinder, liquefied petroleum gases are in aggregate states: liquid and gaseous. Under the influence of the ambient temperature in the cylinder, the aggregate state of the gas and the heat content in the system change. The purpose of this work is to ensure the operability of vehicles with gas equipment in the power supply system at subzero temperatures by maintaining the pressure of liquefied petroleum gas in the automotive gas cylinder within specified limits. The authors propose a gas heating system in a cylinder with the installation of a belt heater outside in the form of a casing, as well as a spiral coil with an electric heater embedded in the side wall of the cylinder. The method of determining the required power of the heating element, the operating time of the heater to maintain pressure, as well as heat loss in the cylinder during operation is reflected. In the conditions of educational and production workshops of the Faculty of Engineering of NAO "Toraigyrov University", a training stand for components of gas cylinder equipment of a car with the possibility of conducting experiments is being developed.

https://doi.org/10.48081/HDMO1329

2024

Issue 2

In the production of ferroalloys, high quality of charge materials and their careful preparation are required to ensure the normal operation of furnaces and compliance of products with customer standards. Carbon reducing agents used in this process must have high reactivity, electrical resistance, and meet strict requirements for ash, moisture, and volatile matter content. The quality of reducing agents significantly affects the technical performance of the main equipment and the metal recovery process. One of the important indicators of reducing agents is their humidity, which affects the operating mode of furnaces and their transportation. In the ferroalloy industry, fluctuations in the moisture content of the charge components can lead to changes in the thermal and electrical modes of the furnace. For example, the production of high-carbon ferrochrome requires pre-drying of reducing agents to a strictly defined humidity index. The moisture capacity and water saturation of reducing agents are important indicators for determining the temperature and drying mode. The study examines the use of brand G coals from the Zhalyn deposit for the production of special coke and mixed with brand D coals from the Shubarkol deposit in a ratio of 1:1. The purpose of the experiments was to study the moisture capacity and water saturation process of the resulting special coke in comparison with the Shubarkol special coke. The research results show that the moisture capacity of the special coke affects the optimization of production processes, improvement of operational characteristics, storage and transportation, quality control, energy efficiency and environmental safety. Therefore, researches of the moisture capacity of special coke play an important role in improving the efficiency, safety and sustainability of industrial processes.

https://doi.org/10.48081/RKRP8312

2024

Issue 2

This article presents the results of the development and methodology for the selection of rational compositions of polymer and fiber concrete, providing physical and mechanical characteristics of new structural materials for the engineering industry. The novelty of these studies is the proof of the technical feasibility and economic feasibility of obtaining a new composite material that can be used in mechanical engineering in the manufacture of equipment for the mining and metallurgical complex. At the moment, composite materials such as polymer and fiber concrete are widely used in various industries. Studies have revealed that it is rational to use a filler with intermittent granulometry consisting of three fractions. At the same time, smaller fractions fill voids in larger fractions, which increases the density of polymer concrete and its strength. The influence of the main factors on the characteristics of polymer concretes is investigated: the rotation frequency of the mixer working body, the mixing time of the components and the temperature of the resin ED. The technology of mixing the components in two stages has been developed, which ensures the production of a homogeneous mixture and an isotropic material after curing. The conducted studies have confirmed that the use of these materials for body parts in mechanical engineering is not inferior in technical characteristics to traditional materials such as cast iron and aluminum alloys. The equipment used in mining enterprises and metallurgical plants is subjected to severe operating conditions, such as exposure to aggressive media, high dust content, sudden temperature changes, transportation of abrasive liquids, etc. In this regard, in the production of machine bodies and mechanisms, it is necessary to increase their thickness, which leads to excessive metal consumption, difficulties in maintenance and an increase in cost. Replacing traditional metals with composite materials with improved characteristics seems appropriate.

https://doi.org/10.48081/MIQJ9460

2024

Issue 2

The results of laboratory experiments on the influence of temperature, reducing agent consumption and process duration on the distribution of zinc and lead between products of high-temperature burning of clinker together with calcium chloride are presented. It was found that at temperatures above 700 ° C, the zinc content in the clinker decreases sharply. The minimum zinc content in the clinker is 0.85 % achieved at a temperature of 900 °C. An increase in temperature to 1000 °C only slightly reduces the zinc content in the clinker (up to 0.77%). An increase in the consumption of CaCl2 from 1.0 to 1.3 times higher than its consumption from the SRQ increases the zinc content in the distillates from 36.23% to 40.85 %. A further increase in the consumption of CaCl2 has little effect on the zinc content in the sublimations. The optimal parameters of high-temperature burning of clinker together with calcium chloride have been established: T =900 °C, t= 60 minutes, the consumption of CaCl2 is 1.3 times higher than its consumption from SRQ. High quality zinc sublimates were obtained, % by weight: 40.87 Zn; 0.16 Pb; others. The extraction of zinc into the distillates is 99.3 %. The presence of a minimum lead content in the distillates will not significantly affect their quality. The results obtained form the basis of the final stage of the chlorinating technology for processing lead-containing zinc dust of ferrous metallurgy and are used in the construction of a common technology for the selective extraction of zinc and lead into commercial products.

https://doi.org/10.48081/WDEH9242

2024

Issue 2

The article considers one of the urgent tasks in the field of metal pressure treatment – the study of patterns of microstructure changes during the implementation of intense shear deformations during rolling in the oval-circle gauge system. To describe the evolution of the microstructure, a numerical modeling method was chosen based on the phenomenological Johnson-Mail-Avrami-Kolmogorov model (JMAK model), widely used in studies of various metal forming processes. In the DEFORM 3D software package, finite element modeling of the rolling process using the trapdicine and new schemes was performed, and the microstructure parameters for AISI 316 steel were calculated using a dynamic recrystallization model. A comparative analysis of the values and nature of the cross-sectional distribution of the average grain sizes of materials obtained by rolling according to the traditional and new scheme was carried out. Based on the modeling results, it was established that the implementation of intense shear deformation during rolling in the oval-circle gauge system provides more intense and uniform grain refinement over the entire cross-section of the strip compared to the traditional rolling scheme. Confirmation of the heterogeneity of the mechanical properties of the metal across the cross section during rolling according to the traditional scheme was obtained. The effectiveness of the new rolling scheme in working out the areas of the original billet most affected by defects has been proven.

https://doi.org/10.48081/GTRY3997

2024

Issue 2