This article discusses the issue of improving the operational reliability of technological machines and mechanisms used in gardening and landscape construction by promptly replacing replaceable attachments. This is possible based on the adoption of the modular principle of the structure of technological machines and the connection, for example, of the wheelbase and interchangeable equipment by means of an intermodular basing and fastening device (IBFD). Thus, the overall parameters of the replaceable working equipment are limiting for the parameters of the IBFD, provided that the strength parameters are within acceptable limits. The domestic constructive solutions of the IBFD proposed by the authors for small-sized loaders operating in the industries under consideration are considered. The design parameters of the replaceable working equipment were accepted according to the catalogs of manufacturers of such equipment, for example, the same BobCat, allowing them to be compared with the maximum possible overall parameters of the IBFD. The study combines theoretical analysis, experimental testing, and computer modeling to evaluate important parameters such as clamping force, alignment accuracy, rapid removal efficiency, and material selection. For a replaceable working bucket, an example of optimizing the parameters of the IBFD and a detailed analysis of the strength properties of key structural elements are given, which made it possible to state that the solution proposed by the authors meets the strength requirements and does not exceed the dimensions of the replaceable device itself, ensuring a balance between durability, speed and adaptability.

https://doi.org/10.48081/HVCN6190

2025

Issue 3

This article presents a comprehensive theoretical comparative analysis of two methods for reducing iron scale: after drying and after preliminary oxidation. The main goal of the study is to assess how the phase composition, structural characteristics, and thermodynamic properties influence the efficiency of iron recovery. Dried scale predominantly consists of magnetite (Fe₃O₄), which has a dense structure that impedes the penetration of reducing gases into the core of the particles . As a result, the reduction process is slower and less complete. In contrast, pre-oxidized scale mainly contains hematite (Fe₂O₃), which has a porous structure that facilitates gas diffusion and promotes faster and more complete reduction. The article provides detailed insights into the thermodynamic reactions, intermediate phases, temperature dependencies, and the risk of slag formation. The comparative analysis demonstrates that the reduction of hematite leads to high-purity iron powder. This oxidation–reduction method is shown to be both environmentally friendly and technologically effective, offering a promising approach for the recycling of metallurgical waste and the production of quality iron-based materials. This article presents a comprehensive theoretical comparative analysis of two methods for reducing iron scale: after drying and after preliminary oxidation. The main goal of the study is to assess how the phase composition, structural characteristics, and thermodynamic properties influence the efficiency of iron recovery. Dried scale predominantly consists of magnetite (Fe₃O₄), which has a dense structure that impedes the penetration of reducing gases into the core of the particles . As a result, the reduction process is slower and less complete. In contrast, pre-oxidized scale mainly contains hematite (Fe₂O₃), which has a porous structure that facilitates gas diffusion and promotes faster and more complete reduction. The article provides detailed insights into the thermodynamic reactions, intermediate phases, temperature dependencies, and the risk of slag formation. The comparative analysis demonstrates that the reduction of hematite leads to high-purity iron powder. This oxidation–reduction method is shown to be both environmentally friendly and technologically effective, offering a promising approach for the recycling of metallurgical waste and the production of quality iron-based materials.

https://doi.org/10.48081/QJIF2662

2025

Issue 3

The article examines a methodology for analyzing the change in traffic signal timing at regulated intersections, in relation to changes in traffic flow occurring on the city's street network. If the intensity of traffic flow at various intersections of the street network, which fluctuates during peak hours throughout the day, is not taken into account, traffic congestion and air pollution at the intersections will increase due to the localized operation of traffic lights. The occurrence of traffic jams leads to a decrease in the capacity of transport interchanges, an increase in the number of vehicle stops, and road accidents. To address this, the article presents a prototype of a program assembly on an Arduino microcontroller for A. Moldagulova Avenue, which is initially the main road due to the specifics of the traffic signal system at an intersection with high traffic intensity in the city of Aktobe. Adaptive control, transmitted to the traffic lights based on information about traffic flow intensity received from a vehicle detector during peak hours, allows for increased capacity of the traffic lights, improved information transmission, and a reduction in environmental conditions occurring before and under the influence of the intersection. Furthermore, for the information received from the vehicle detector, the traffic light controller must be flexible, as traffic flow intensity is not the same during peak hours as it is at other times of the day.

https://doi.org/10.48081/VCKM7944

2025

Issue 3

Evolving, public spaces have become more functional and less chaotic, but their role has recently ceased to be taken into account due to the spread of dense buildings, as a result of which landscaping affecting the environmental component is reduced, courtyard spaces are practically abolished, which creates a problem for the safety of children and residents in general. In this regard, this article considers architecture as a process that considers the principles of functionality, harmony and aesthetics and is aimed at creating public spaces that are an integral part of the urban environment and have a significant impact on the quality of life of the population. Understanding the role of architecture as a special kind of art in the context of the formation of public spaces is also important in relation to the sustainable development of society, social integration and environmental responsibility. In this regard, it is necessary to monitor and in-depth analyze how aesthetics and functionality are combined, and what impact this combined can have on the perception of space and the improvement of the daily life of the population. The specifics of the analysis of public spaces include such factors as: principles according to which public spaces are designed (styles, materials, range of functional tasks); principles of perception of the architectural environment from the point of view of psychology, aesthetics and functionality; examples of successful architectural solutions in the context of historical heritage and modern challenges such as urbanization and environmental constraints; The article presents recommendations for improving the organization of existing public spaces, from the point of view of the possibility of their application in our region in accordance with legal and social norms.

https://doi.org/10.48081/HBZX4057

2025

Issue 3

A diagram of the phase composition of the Ni-B-Si system is constructed. The presence of borides Ni3B, Ni2B, Ni4B3, NiB and nickel silicides Ni3Si, Ni5Si2, Ni2Si, Ni3Si2, NiSi, NiSi, as well as boron silicides SiB6, SiB4 and two ternary compounds Ni11Si5B4 and Ni6Si2B is taken into account. The diagram is a set of elementary triangles of harmoniously coexisting phases. Triangulation revealed the presence of 17 elementary triangles in the studied system. Using our own method, a mathematical model of the diagram has been created, representing the equations of the relationship between the initial elements of a substance (metal) and the resulting phases. A computer program has been created based on the obtained equations. When set from the remote control of the chemical composition of the metal and the trigger, it finds the elementary triangle where the metal is located and outputs the content of all phases in mass percentages. An example of using the model is shown. The coincidence of the calculated and experimentally determined phase composition of metals is satisfactory. A diagram of the phase composition of the Ni-B-Si system has been constructed, its mathematical model and a computer program based on it have been created. Its operability is shown by comparing calculated and experimentally obtained data on the phase composition of alloys.

https://doi.org/10.48081/YQUA8828

2025

Issue 3

The article provides an overview of technologies and methods for processing dispersed metal waste generated during the production of ferroalloys, including high - carbon ferrochrome ( HC - FeCr ). It is noted that the cheapest and most rational way to reuse metal dust is briquetting. Taking into account the development of briquetting technologies, as well as the latest equipment and binding materials involved in this process, it is possible to fully involve aspiration dust from crushing ferrochrome in metallurgical conversion. To verify this assumption, laboratory studies were conducted using polymer - based binders and liquid glass as a basic option. The method of briquetting on laboratory and industrial presses is described, with an assessment of the mechanical properties of briquettes. Studies show that the introduction of an inert filler ( gas cleaner dust ) into the metal dust improves the briquetability of the mixture by increasing the adhesion between metal particles and the binder. The obtained industrial samples of briquettes have high mechanical strength, which provides the possibility of their further use in metallurgical processing. A conclusion is made about the prospects of semi - dry briquetting using hydraulic vibrating presses for the disposal of dispersed ferroalloy waste.

https://doi.org/10.48081/MLNA9335

2025

Issue 3

The article considers the results of assessing the technical condition of equipment based on the analysis of vibration parameters of centrifugal pump units. As part of this study, a selection of diagnostic information on the vibration parameters of centrifugal pump units was used. The methodology for conducting vibration diagnostics of centrifugal pumps in production conditions is described. To study the technical condition of the pumping units, the bearings of the electric motor and the drive shafts of the pump wheel are selected. It also describes the use of an analyzer for diagnostics, the order of placement of vibration sensors. With the help of a vibration analyzer, it performs the functions of analyzing the vibration parameters of rotating machines and mechanical structures in order to diagnose their technical condition. The spectra of the vibration rate of the bearing units of the operating centrifugal pumps were recorded using an analyzer for processing vibration signals, using the methods of direct spectrum (autospectrum) and envelope spectrum of the vibration signal, which allows you to determine the frequency composition of the signal. The harmonic components of the vibration signal on the graphs of the Autopilot indicate the presence of defects and require systematic monitoring of pumping equipment. The conducted research made it possible to form the main diagnostic features of the assessment by vibration parameters, which ensures the creation of a single diagnostic criterion for assessing and predicting the technical condition of centrifugal pump units.

https://doi.org/10.48081/QGAN2347

2025

Issue 3

This paper investigates the design of reinforced concrete and steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams, with an emphasis on their reinforcement, load-bearing capacity, deformation characteristics, and economic efficiency. Three possible reinforcement options for the reinforced concrete beam were considered, taking into account the required area of the working reinforcement and the structural features: the use of 2 bars with a diameter of 28 mm, 3 bars with a diameter of 25 mm, and 4 bars with a diameter of 20 mm. The analysis showed that the most effective options in terms of load-bearing capacity and material savings are those with 2 bars with a diameter of 28 mm and 4 bars with a diameter of 20 mm, while the option with 3 bars with a diameter of 25 mm does not justify the excess material consumption. When using B25 class steel fiber-reinforced concrete, a 15% reduction in reinforcement consumption was demonstrated while maintaining the load-bearing capacity and improving the deformation characteristics, as evidenced by a 14% reduction in deflection. The use of steel fiber-reinforced concrete also allowed for a 25-30% reduction in labor costs and a shortening of installation times. An important aspect is the use of prestressed reinforcement, which helps reduce deflection and minimize crack formation. The study demonstrated the high efficiency of modern construction materials and technologies, contributing to the improvement of the operational characteristics of structures while reducing their cost and labor costs.

https://doi.org/10.48081/ZENW9685

2025

Issue 3

The processes of heat exchange in capillary-porous natural coatings created by thermal spraying of powders during their application with a thermal tool have been investigated. A burner with detonation jet was created and the technology of powder production in a closed volume was developed. The burner due to the built-in automatic device allows controlling the mode of coating creation by changing the burner power and torch length. The displacement scheme of power supply, cooling and methodology was developed. The burner was afterburning on coating with oxidizer excess coefficient 0.6÷0.8. Calculation formulas for powder materials processing are given. The results of sieve analysis are presented. The transverse velocity of the ignition section of the spin detonation plume is close to the detonation velocity and was twice the speed of sound in the jet. It was determined from the slope to the spiral trace pattern. The thermal limit region for the coatings exceeded boiling in thin films, large volume and heat pipes. Holographic interferometry studies showed that the residual strain, does not disappear when the thermal load is removed. A nonlinear particle displacement curve was found. Detonation sputtering reduces the destruction of powder particles at the interfaces of unmelted particles, since anisotropy increases the role of capillary forces.

https://doi.org/10.48081/MMTM6428

2025

Issue 3

This article presents a comprehensive study on the effect of active (CO₂) and inert (Ar) shielding gases used in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technology on the microstructure of samples produced from ER70S-6 low-carbon steel welding wire. During the experimental investigation, identical technological parameters were optimally applied, with only the type of shielding gas being varied. The prepared samples underwent thorough metallographic and microscopic analysis. In the specimens produced using the active shielding gas CO₂, ferrite, pearlite, and cementite phases were identified. In contrast, the specimens produced under argon (Ar) revealed additional austenitic and martensitic structures alongside ferrite and pearlite. Furthermore, the use of argon was shown to significantly reduce porosity and contribute to a more uniform microstructure. This indicates the positive effect of argon on melt stability, solidification behavior, and the quality of the heat-affected zone during the additive manufacturing process. The research results clearly demonstrate that the choice of shielding gas has a direct impact on microstructural formation and the quality of the final product in WAAM technology. This study highlights the critical importance of selecting the appropriate shielding gas in the additive manufacturing of high-quality, reliable, and durable metal structures.

https://doi.org/10.48081/PGVW6395

2025

Issue 3